Cognitive Distances in Prior Art Search by the Triadic Patent Offices: Empirical Evidence from International Search Reports
نویسنده
چکیده
Despite large numbers of empirical studies are conducted on examiner patent citations, few have scrutinized the cognitive limitations of officials at patent offices in searching for prior art to add citations during patent prosecution. This research takes advantage of the longitudinal gap between International Search Reports (ISRs) required by the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and subsequent examination procedure in national phase. It inspects whether several kinds of distances actually affect the probability that a piece of prior art is caught at the time of ISRs, which is much earlier than national phase examinations. Based on triadic PCT applications for all of the triadic patent offices (EPO, USPTO, and JPO) between 2002 and 2005 and their citations made by the triadic offices, evidence shows that geographical and organizational distances negatively affect the probability of prior patents being caught in ISRs, while lag of prior art positively affects the probability. Also, technological complexity of an application negatively affects the probability, whereas the size of forward citations of prior art affects positively. Conference Topic Patent Analysis (foundation of examiner patent citations, in particular)
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